Drying Sahara

THE APOCALYPSE OF THE YEAR 10,000 BC:
MYTH OR REALITY?

Apocalypse of the year -10,000:”

“A series of catastrophes which took place around the year 9,000 or 10,000 before our era, which affected the whole planet, and about which Tradition and modern science are in agreement. Let’s list these cataclysms: in Europe, the end of the last ice age, maybe as a consequence of the shifting of the pole towards its present position in the North; in compensation, a drying up of the Sahara was started or accelerated; probable end of the archipelago of Atlantis; in East Africa, a sudden sur-elevation of mounds, and disappearance of an interior sea (at the sources of the Nile) and of an archipelago (Pount) in the Indian Ocean; possible sur-eleveation of the Andes, with disappearance of
archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean (and isolation of the famous Easter Island)...”

This definition is only partially satisfying for it attempts to group over a short period several catastrophes, some proven some purely hypothetical, belonging in fact to different periods which are spaced out over several thousand years. What we must remember is this date of -10,000 (very much a rounded number, in fact, a simple chronological benchmark), which is a key date in the recent history of earth and of men.

But how sure are we that there was a cataclysm? The opinions have long been divided, in the absence of incontrovertible proofs; the end of the last glaciation is a certainty, with its two main consequences: a warming of the climate and above all, a very important rise (of 100m to 180 m, according to the regions) of the level of oceanic waters; these completely transformed coastal geographics by progressively invading the continental banks. The  mini-extinction of the American mega-fauna, which dates from the end of the Pleistocene, has also been verified since work done in the 1940s. The double question which arose for scientists was therefore: What can have brought about such a radical and rapid climatic change? And why did so many animal species disappear in so short a time?



Since the beginning of the XXI. century, a new multidisciplinary theory, which, in the absence of incontrovertible proof, had hitherto remained a hypothesis, and known under the name of Pleistocene extinctions, has appeared in the scientific literature. It is connected with the geophysical and climatic event which has been known for a long time under the name of the Younger Dryas event.

An important conference which took place in Acapulco in May 2007 was dedicated to an in-depth examination of this theory. It gathered a great number of

scientists from a variety of horizons and specialties, who brought forth new,
convincing and compatible contributions. The conference has established the cosmic
origins of the extinction of the Pleistocene out as a quasi certainty. The theory has
acquired consistency, fed by multiple proofs and often definitive and incontrovertible
arguments. Its promoters believes it to be called to a success comparable to the one
which has explained the cosmic end of the dinosaurs. It is only a matter of time for it
to become established, as has always been the case with a new theory, and an
important one, as in the present case. Mentalities often have had a hard time evolving,
especially among scientists who do not like see their certainties questioned.


The Younger Dryas Event and Pleistocene extinction


The Acapulco Conference of May 2007


A number of scientists of international rank were invited to participate in this
conference organized under the aegis of the American Geophysical union (AGU), to
take place at Acapulco, Mexico, from May 22 to 25, 2007. Others invited themselves,
believing that they had a contribution to make and not wanting to miss a reunion
which they expected to be historic (as it turned out to be, even, according to some, a
founding event). As announced, the subject was tempting for many researchers: New
Insights into Younger Dryas Climatic Instability, Mass Extinction, the Clovis
People, and Extraterristrial Impacts. The conference conceived of itself as resolutely
multidisciplinary, which was the only efficient way to confront diverse points of view
and to make knowledge progress.


The presentation text of the conference explained notably:


“The deglaciation which followed the last glaciation was brutally and
spectacularly interrupted about 12,900 years ago by a widespread cooling
down which marks the beginning of the Younger Dryas. Numerous signs show
that the Younger Dryas was characterized by sudden changes in the
configuration of the ice cap, the sudden drying up of pre-glaciation lakes, the
moving of flood patterns from North America towards the North Atlantic, and
the reorganization of the circulation of the oceanic waters...


The beginning of the Younger Dryas seems to have coincided with
massive changes, widespread and local, in the fauna and in the development of
the stone age cultures established in North and South America. It is marked by
the most recent of all massive extinctions, the disappearance of the American
megafauna, including the mammoths, horses and sloths, and the end of the
Clovis culture and of other contemporary human paleolithic cultures...


A new hypothesis has been advanced according to which the cooling down of
the Younger Dryas could have been triggered by extraterrestrial impacts which
provoked the destabilisation of the ice cap, the rerouting of flood waters, and
changes in the oceanic currents. The work in question presents newfound
proofs of an impact or of aerial explosions of extra-terrestrial origin some
12,900 years ago, which include sediments of the Clovis period all over North
America showing high levels of iridium, magnetic spherules and carbon, glass-
like carbon, fullerenes and ratios of exoterrestrial noble gases often associated
with carboniferous layers (black carpets) with an unusual biotum...”


The extinction concerning the megafauna of Northern America had been
remarked upon as early as the 1940s by the American archaeologist Frank Hibben
(1910-2002) following an expedition to Alaska which had deeply impressed him and
about which he told in his book The Lost Americans. He had found in the frozen
muck remains of disappeared species like mammoths and mastodons mixed with the
bones of animals of other species who had managed to survive, like the bisons and the
bears. In his opinion, a cataclysm of enormous amplitude had occurred without doubt
but its nature remained totally explained.


Variations of water temperatures in the North Atlantic in the past 15,000 years.
The depression around -11,000 can be explained by the destabilisation of the immense glacier which
recovered N orth America and the empyting out of the glacial Lake Agassiz, consecutively to the impact of a comet. The depression around -8000 can be explained by the overture of the English Channel. For the two events the decrease in water temperatures has been of several degrees. (Document J.-C. Duplessis and P. Morel). The depression centered around -8000 might correspond to the opening of the


passage between the North Sea and the English Channel which brought about a considerable cooling of
the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.


We know that this decimation did not only concern North America but that it
manifested itself in Europe as well, in the case of the giant rhinoceros, in Siberia with
the mammoths and bisons, and generally in the whole North of the Earth. One talks
about the disappearance of 80% of the big mammals and even the total extinction of
some species. In its book Earth in Upheaval, published in 1955, Velikovsky gave over
a hundred citations taken out of books and articles on the subject, which all describe
the occurrence and consequences of one and the same event. The causes remained
undefined for the majority of the authors who treated the subject. Velikovsky, a
convinced catastrophist, wrote clearly about cometary nuclei as being the possible
culprits. But he had a dismal image among American scientists after the publication of
his first book, Worlds in Collision, justly criticized for its erroneous astronomical
hypothesis, and nobody seriously listened to him. In the 1950s, catastrophism was
decidedly not in fashion!


All the animals found frozen seemed to have been taken by surprise by an
unforeseeable and unavoidable event, which did not leave them time to find shelter. In
one single day, life was annihilated in numerous places. As soon as the 1940s, all the
scientists who studied the diverse debris and the affected terrains were forced to admit
that the uniformitarian theory then in favor could not account for the observed effects
and that it was necessary to bring into play a cataclysmic event. But which one?
Hibben simply wrote: “The Pleistocene period finished in death. It was no ordinary
dying out of some vague geological period meeting an uncertain end. This death was
catastrophic and global.” But he too spoke for naught.
The participating scientists acknowledge that the Acapulco Conference of 2007
had beneficent effects concerning the global amelioration of knowledge on this
subject, as they were able to exchange viewpoints, explain their observations and their
data as well as their simulations, and attempt to find a plausible and acceptable
explanation for this Younger Dryas Event which has become an astronomical event as
well, as the cosmic impact (be it of a comet or an asteroid) no longer leaves place for
doubt.


The new theory


Scientists are now contemplating a comet of some 2 or 3km diameter, (some go up to
4km) probably coming from the North-West, which would have fragmented upon
entry into the atmosphere above North America. The impact triggered the most
important cataclysm that our planet has know in 13,000 years. Its understanding can
only be pluridisciplinary, as several sciences are involved.


The Younger Dryas Event.


The map to the left shows North America 12,900 years ago. Glaciers still occupy the whole North of
the territory. T wo impacts are suspected: one in the area of the Great Lakes, the other somewhat farther


to the North, in the region of Hudson Bay. A dozen sites where traces of impact have been discovered are indicated on the map. T he explosion kindled enormous fires, devastated whole ecosystems and prehistoric cultures of North America. (Document J. Kennett, A. W est, R. Firestone et al.) Right, a mammoth. It is believed that the mammoths were victims of the Pleistocene extinction or that the latter has considerably destabilized the species so that it could not survive over the next millenium.


The comet (or a major fragment thereof) hit the immense glacier which then
covered the region of the Great Lakes. Hudson Bay, somewhat farther to the North, is
also considered as a possibility for the impact. The St. Lawrence inlandsis would have
been practically destabilized, which would have lead to the partial emptying of Lake
Agassiz which was the largest glacial lake of North America. It is believed that this
lake measured 1,500 km in length and was 1,100 km wide, with an average depth in
the order of 200 meters. A great quantity of fresh cold water would have been injected
in this way into the North Atlantic, leading to a very important decrease of
temperature (up to 5 degrees are considered).


The researchers in the diverse disciplines have analyzed some fifty American
archaeological sites related to the so-called Clovis culture. They have found a thin
layer rich in carbon dating 12,900 years back with an abnormal concentration of
iridium, an element almost always associated with an exoterrestrial event.
Nanodiamonds and fullerenes have also been discovered and have yet reinforced the
hypothesis of a cosmic origin of the catastrophe.


One can see therefore that the comet was the trigger of a whole series of chain
reactions associated with climatic, geologic, palaeontologic events, not to mention the
human consequences which must have been appalling, not only in America but in the
whole North of the Earth. We think in particular of one or several giant tsunamis
which could have swept over the coasts of Europe. Traces of the cosmic cataclysm
have been found in Belgium (on the site of Lommel, in the north of the country).


Moreover, the comet hypothesis allows to explain sufficiently well the
important cooling of temperatures noted around this time and which would have lasted
a good thousand years. The particles issued from the explosion of the comet would
have increased considerably the absorption of energy by the sun, a phenomenon which
would have accelerated the melting of the glacier.


Some scientists think today that the Carolina Bays of which there exist
hundreds of thousands in the East of the United States could have been formed by a
blowing effect during this cosmic catastrophe. Trace material (of iridium, notably)
have been found in some of the bays which seem to bolster the astronomic hypothesis
of their formation. We are aware of the fact that the absence of meteorites and
impactites in and around these structures has always put in doubt an exoterrestrial
origin for the Carolina Bays, but the fact is that they integrate themselves well in a
picture of global cataclysm.


Astronomy offers two other possible solutions to explain this “Apocalypse of
the year -10,000,” one asteroidal, one cometary. I am going to say a few words about
these.


The Sithylemenkat hypothesis


The meteoritic crater Sithylemenkat has been discovered in 1972 by the
satellite Landsat 1 in a mountainous and desert area of Alaska. This discovery allows
one to contemplate a correlation between the end of the last Ice Age and the
approximate age of 12,000 years that has been attributed to this crater.


A first geological and geographic study of the area took place in 1969, even
before the meteoritic origins of the crater had been suspected as, seen from the ground,
nothing seems to signal its exceptional character. It is a large depression of 12,4 km
diameter and a depth of 500 meters. Its name in the local idiom signifies “the lake in
the hills,” for at the bottom of the depression there is a lake of ca 3 km in diameter.
Samples taken inside the crater revealed an abnormal proportion of nickel which
stunned the researchers. The more so that the same strong nickel concentration also
evidenced itself in peripheral samples of the depression. Moreover, a magnetic study
of the area indicated a negative anomaly associated with this depression, pointing to
an intense fracturing of the crater bed, below the impact zone.


If it cannot be recognized from the ground as an impact crater, Sithylemenkat
was immediately spotted by the first Landsat, as was the case for several other
formations disseminated around the world. Aerial recognizance undertaken in 1976
has shown the presence of fractures in the walls of the crater and its cosmic origin is
practically no longer challenged.


The kinetic energy liberated at the time of the Sithylemenkat impact is of the
order of 1,1x10 20 joules. This value is therefore comparable to the energy released by the
two most cataclysmic events of the historical period: the eruption of Tambora in 1815 and the
Chilean earthquake in 1960. Still, though the released energy may not be extraordinary in
itself, it is not to be excluded that it may have acted as an additional energy which set into
motion, or accelerated a sliding of the (rigid) lithosphere onto the (viscous) asthenosphere
underneath. This sliding could have lasted a few decades or a few centuries and brought the
geographic North Pole to its present location. Some rare scientists believe firmly in these
polar migrations, even though their causes, which can be multiple, remain little known to this
day.


The last (hypothetical) shifting of the geographic pole.
Despite its being rejected by the quasi-totality of geophysicists, the possibility of a shift of the
terrestrial crust 12,000 (or some more) years ago remains credible, inasmuch as some clues speak in its
favors and as calculations show that it is possible. This map of the Northern polar region according to
Ch. Hapgood, shows the “path of the pole,” the ancient location of which would have been in Hudson
Bay. The Alaskan crater of Sithylemenkat is mentioned. Its formation could be involved both in a
partial deglaciation and as a phenomenon of additional force or acceleration in a sliding process already
underway.


But is it really credible that the last suspected shift would have the terrestrial crust
moving over nearly 3,000 km, as Charles Hapgood (1904-1982) had it, and bring the
geographic North Pole from Hudson Bay to its present location? Despite the fact that this
mechanism explains perfectly the sudden end of the glaciation, many researchers prefer to
think of a cataclysm of a smaller scope.


We must keep in mind two things about Sithylemenkat. First, the presence of nickel
inside and around the crater signifies necessarily the impact of a siderite or of a siderolith.
Which would exclude its being a fragment of Hephaistos, which is a carbonated object of
cometary origin. Then one might remark that the simple collision of an EGA (Earth-Grazing
Asteroid) of 600 m diameter, as was the case at Sithylemenkat, that is, in a region close to the
polar circle, is capable of occasioning severe damage at the level of the cryosphere. The
enormous amount of heat released could have perturbed the distribution of the ice over
several thousand square kilometers, yet there is an broad margin between acknowledging this
and contemplating that it could actually have triggered a general deglaciation.


But the Sithylemenkat hypothesis is not incompatible with the preceding one. It is
possible that the impact of the asteroid could have preceded the cometary impact by several
thousand years. We know that the curve of climatic variations between 20,000 and 10,000
years shows several hiatuses which a cosmic impact (comet or asteroid) could well explain.


An asteroid impact in the Atlantic?


The hypothesis of an oceanic impact (or partially oceanic if there occurred a disintegration of
the object in question in the atmosphere) has already been proposed by several authors,
notably by the German engineer and erudite Otto Muck (1892-1956) at the beginning of the
1950s. Like Velikovsky, he discredited himself somewhat by giving too precise a date for the
impact of the responsible asteroid: June 5th 8498 BC in the Gregorian calendar, a date which
according to him would correspond to Day Zero of the Mayan chronology which, as we
know, goes back several thousand years. The day of the impact would also be, according to
Muck, the famous day of the sinking of Atlantis (Plato’s). He gives multiple reasons and
arguments to justify his hypothesis but he was never able to convince the (very conservative)
scientific world of his time.


Muck has sensed that the Carolina Bays could be linked to the impact of this cosmic
object and that they could have been formed by a blowing effect. This long discredited
hypothesis is presently resurfacing and might well be the right one. A hurricane and a
tsunami of cosmic origin seem indeed to have taken place.


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The Carolina Bays


Several hundred thousand such formations are known in the East of the United States, notably in North Carolina, whence their generic name. It is now believed that they were formed by a blowing effect at the time of the impact of a comet. Indeed, no meteorite or impactite has ever been found associated with one of this formations. On the figure to the left, we recognize a dozen of these small formations occurring over a very small portion of territory in North Carolina (Document McCracken). The map to the right gives an overview of the location of the Carolina B ays. M uck and other researchers after him believed that they were associated with an important impact of an asteroid in the Atlantic ocean. The two black marks indicate sites of a possible impact. (Document D. McKish).


We must therefore come back to George Cuvier’s idea (1769-1832): a giant “wave”
which swept over the continents. In fact, the best explanation remains the one of the
formation of a tsunami of a cosmic origin, that is to say, consecutive to an important oceanic
impact or an impact in a glaciated area which melted instantly. This tsunami, which could
have towered above a height of one kilometer according to some simulations, transformed
itself into a gigantic wall of water and mud as it rolled across the continents. It would have
swept away everything on its passage and it would have destroyed in an instant several
populations of the time, especially those who lived in the proximity of the coasts, and would


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have set back civilization by several thousand years. We know that the American Clovis
culture was practically annihilated then, as was shown by Hibben in the 1940s. The
demographic, but also the cultural setback must have been very enormous for the generations
following the one which had been the direct victim of the catastrophe.

It is probably this obscure cataclysm which has remained in human memory as the
Chaos or even , the Apocalypse, the first original one, which has survived in the human
unconscious over the millennia. It could have been accompanied by a period of recession
during which man survived miserably, aware of his weakness in face of the formidable
cosmic forces, whence the creation of an incredible pantheon of protective deities. But
human adventure would soar again irrepressibly towards the Neolithic, when the sequels of the catastrophe dimmed to become only the memory of an apocalypse, transmitted from
generation to generation.